ANCIENT REMEDIES TO MODERN BREAKTHROUGHS PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Global healthcare has been significantly shaped by the revolutionary changes that the pharmaceutical sector has seen over the past century. The intersection of scientific advancement, regulatory change, and public health need is reflected in significant achievements in this subject. The mass manufacturing of penicillin in the 1940s marked the beginning of the antibiotic era and significantly decreased the death rate from bacterial illnesses, making it one of the first major discoveries. The development of vaccines against measles and polio in the middle of the 20th century also revolutionised preventative care. Recombinant DNA technology, which was brought about by the rise of biotechnology in the 1980s, resulted in the creation of monoclonal antibodies and insulin analogues. The safety, effectiveness, and quality of pharmaceutical products have been guaranteed by regulatory landmarks including the founding of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).The emergence of genomes and personalised medicine in the twenty-first century, together with the quick creation of mRNA-based vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic.